@inproceedings{e8b3df0644664f8cae075129c4a5a8c8,
title = "Fluorescent nanodiamonds and their use in biomedical research",
abstract = "Nanodiamonds containing color-centers produce non-quenching fluorescence that is easily detected. This makes them useful for cellular, proteomic and genomic applications. However, fluorescent nanodiamonds have yet to become popular in the biomedical research community as labeling reagents. We discuss production of nanodiamonds with distinct color-centers and assess their biocompatibility and techniques for bioconjugation. Fluorescent diamonds were fabricated by electron irradiation of high-pressure, high-temperature micron-sized diamonds which generated diamonds with vacancy-related defects (V). These diamonds were annealed to create nitrogen vacancy (NV)-centers then following a milling step were fractionated into nanoparticle sizes of 30, 60, and 95 nm. Optical characterization of Vand NV-center diamonds demonstrated fluorescence in two distinct green and red channels, respectively. In vitro studies demonstrated that these nanodiamonds are biocompatible and readily taken up by murine macrophage cells. Quantification of NV-center nanodiamond uptake by flow cytometry, showed that uptake was independent of nanodiamond size. Confocal microscopy demonstrated that NV-center nanodiamonds accumulate within the cytoplasm of these cells. NV-center nanodiamonds were then conjugated with streptavidin using a short polyethylene chain as linker. Conjugation was confirmed via a catalytic assay employing biotinylated-horseradish peroxidase. We present a technique for large-scale production of biocompatible conjugated V- or NV-center nanodiamonds. Functional testing is essential for standardization of fluorescent nanodiamond bioconjugates and quality control. Large-scale production of bioconjugated fluorescent nanodiamonds is crucial to their development as novel tools for biological and medical applications.",
keywords = "NV-centers, Streptavidin, bioconjugation, flow cytometry, fluorescent nanodiamonds, nitrogen-vacancy, vacancy-related defects",
author = "Suarez-Kelly, {Lorena P.} and Rampersaud, {Isaac V.} and Moritz, {Charles E.} and Campbell, {Amanda R.} and Zhiwei Hu and Alkahtani, {Masfer H.} and Alghannam, {Fahad S.} and Phillip Hemmer and Carson, {William E.} and Rampersaud, {Arfaan A.}",
note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} COPYRIGHT SPIE. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.; Advances in Photonics of Quantum Computing, Memory, and Communication IX ; Conference date: 16-02-2016 Through 18-02-2016",
year = "2016",
doi = "10.1117/12.2218612",
language = "English",
series = "Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering",
publisher = "SPIE",
editor = "Hemmer, {Philip R.} and Migdall, {Alan L.} and Hwang Lee and Hasan, {Zameer U.}",
booktitle = "Advances in Photonics of Quantum Computing, Memory, and Communication IX",
}