How do beliefs about different human papillomavirus-related diseases vary among young gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men in the United States?

Purpose: To determine how beliefs about various disease outcomes caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection differ among young gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (YGBMSM). Methods: From 2019 to 2021, we recruited cisgender YGBMSM ages 18–25 in the United States who were unvaccinated against HPV (n = 1,227). Survey items examined three disease outcomes (genital warts, anal cancer, and oropharyngeal cancer) for each of three different beliefs (perceived vulnerability, perceived severity, and worry) Results: Participants reported lower perceived vulnerability to and worry about anal cancer and oropharyngeal cancer compared to genital warts (all p < 0.001). Participants also reported greater perceived severity of anal cancer and oropharyngeal cancer compared to genital warts (all p < 0.001). Some patterns of beliefs differed by participant characteristics. Conclusions: The beliefs of YGBMSM varied by HPV-related disease outcome. Findings can guide future HPV vaccination communication efforts for YGBMSM by informing how to better frame messages and increase relevance.