The mechanism of action of glatiramer acetate treatment in multiple sclerosis

Objective: Glatiramer acetate (formerly known as copolymer 1) is the major noninterferon immunomodulatory agent used in the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Its mechanism of action over the past 40 years has evolved with our understanding of the immune response. Methods: We review the various mechanisms that have been proposed for this random polymer over the years, with emphasis on recent methods that utilize modern immunologic techniques. Results: Studies describing processes such as immune deviation and effects on regulatory T cells and antigen-presenting cells are presented. Conclusions: Effects of glatiramer acetate on the immune response have evolved as our technical abilities and knowledge of the immune response itself have developed.