TY - JOUR
T1 - A Comprehensive Review of Immunotherapy Clinical Trials for Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma
T2 - Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Alone or in Combination, Novel Antibodies, Cellular Therapies, and Vaccines
AU - Patel, Dixita M.
AU - Mateen, Ruba
AU - Qaddour, Noor
AU - Carrillo, Alessandra
AU - Verschraegen, Claire
AU - Yang, Yuanquan
AU - Li, Zihai
AU - Sundi, Debasish
AU - Mortazavi, Amir
AU - Collier, Katharine A.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2024 by the authors.
PY - 2024/1
Y1 - 2024/1
N2 - Urothelial cancer is an immune-responsive cancer, but only a subset of patients benefits from immune checkpoint inhibition. Currently, single-agent immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and the combination of pembrolizumab with the antibody–drug conjugate enfortumab vedotin are approved to treat patients with metastatic UC (mUC). Approval of first-line nivolumab in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin is expected imminently. Many treatment approaches are being investigated to better harness the immune system to fight mUC. In this review, we summarize the landmark clinical trials of ICIs that led to their incorporation into the current standard of care for mUC. We further discuss recent and ongoing clinical trials in mUC, which are investigating ICIs in combination with other agents, including chemotherapy, antibody–drug conjugates, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and novel antibodies. Lastly, we review novel approaches utilizing bispecific antibodies, cellular therapies, and vaccines. The landscape of immunotherapy for mUC is rapidly evolving and will hopefully lead to better outcomes for patients.
AB - Urothelial cancer is an immune-responsive cancer, but only a subset of patients benefits from immune checkpoint inhibition. Currently, single-agent immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and the combination of pembrolizumab with the antibody–drug conjugate enfortumab vedotin are approved to treat patients with metastatic UC (mUC). Approval of first-line nivolumab in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin is expected imminently. Many treatment approaches are being investigated to better harness the immune system to fight mUC. In this review, we summarize the landmark clinical trials of ICIs that led to their incorporation into the current standard of care for mUC. We further discuss recent and ongoing clinical trials in mUC, which are investigating ICIs in combination with other agents, including chemotherapy, antibody–drug conjugates, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and novel antibodies. Lastly, we review novel approaches utilizing bispecific antibodies, cellular therapies, and vaccines. The landscape of immunotherapy for mUC is rapidly evolving and will hopefully lead to better outcomes for patients.
KW - bispecific antibodies
KW - bladder cancer
KW - cellular therapy
KW - immunotherapy
KW - urothelial carcinoma
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85183362879&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3390/cancers16020335
DO - 10.3390/cancers16020335
M3 - Review article
AN - SCOPUS:85183362879
SN - 2072-6694
VL - 16
JO - Cancers
JF - Cancers
IS - 2
M1 - 335
ER -